To avoid overwriting an existing file, the 'n' option needs to be utilised. In order to force a prompt to appear before a file is overwritten, the 'i' option can be used. Here, a file is copied to the same location, but with a different name. sudo ifconfig en0 downĬopy one or more files to a different location. Similarly, if an interface is active, 'ifconfig' can be used to make it inactive. Note that elevated privileges are needed for this. If an interface is currently inactive, 'ifconfig' can be used to make it active. In order to view the configuration of a specific interface, its name can be specified as an option. Similarly, to only view the interfaces that are up or active, the 'u' option can be added. To limit the results to just those interfaces that are down or inactive, the 'd' option can be used. This is often the default view, so may show the same output as running 'ifconfig' on its own. Including the 'a' option adds in those interfaces which are currently down. Run on its own, with no additional options, will list the active network interfaces, both wired and wireless, on the system. Interface Configuration (ifconfig) can be used to view or change network interfaces and IP configuration.
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Specifying the 'f' option will update the terminal as the file changes. By default this is the last 10 lines, however, this can be altered by using the 'n' option.
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The 'a' option includes files that begin with a '.', while the 'l' option signifies that full details should be shown such as, file permissions, user and group ownership, file size and a timestamp. less file1.txtĭisplays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory, either the current working directory, or one that is specified. When done, press 'q' to return to the command prompt. The 'grep' command can be used to search for a specified piece of text within a file, for example, the word 'help' in a file called 'file1.txt'. cd /Įxamine a file and return the file type. Specifying a path moves to that location. A '/' can be used to move to the route of the file system. sudo chown fredbloggs:examplegroup file1.txtĬhange the current directory. The 'chown' command can be utilised to change the owner and group of a particular file or directory.
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As the owner and group have read and write permissions, it is four for read, plus the two for write. chmod 660 file1.txtĮach digit relates to the decimal equivalent of the binary total for the owner, group and everyone else, with read permissions being equivalent to four, write is two and execute is one. These permissions can be assigned to the file as follows. The final three dashes relate to everyone else. The next 'rw-' relate to the group, which again has read and write permissions. Following this, the 'rw-' relate to the read, write and execute permissions for the owner of the file, who, in this case, has read and write permissions. If it were a 'd', this would signify a directory. The first dash signifies that these permissions are for a file. rw-rw- 1 fredbloggs examplegroup 0 26 Mar 17:43 file1.txt For each of these, permissions for reading, writing and executing the file in question can be assigned. These shell commands can be run within an application called 'Terminal'.Īll files have permissions associated with them, for the owner, or creator, of the file, the group that the owner is in, along with everyone else. An option follows the command, and is made up of a '-', followed by one or more letters of the alphabet. Each command has a number of options, which tailor the output of the command in question. The Shell is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from a standard input device, such as a keyboard, or from a file. Many of these apps have similar or the same versions for other Apple devices, such as the iPhone, providing an easier transition between devices. Included with the operating system are a number of apps, or applications, for everyday tasks, which can be added to from those available in Apple’s own App Store. MacOS is designed to allow the Apple hardware that it runs on to easily integrate with other Apple devices, such as iPhones, as well as services, such as iCloud, that allows for easy backing up of files.
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It was first released back in 2001 as a replacement for the Classic Mac OS operating system. MacOS is an operating system that is produced by Apple for its range of desktop and laptop computers.